Connecting Raspberry Pi Zero W with Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W via USB-Ethernet

Surprisingly it is easy!!!

In this article we will learn how to connect two raspberry pi zeros together. 

In this example we will use one Raspberry Zero W  & the other Raspberry Zero 2 W

you need to power only the Raspberry Zero W & the cable will power Raspberry Zero 2 W, of course you can provide a separate power source especially if you want to connect sensors and other hardware on the other board.

Same configuration can be implemented between two Raspberry Zero W.

Steps :

For you need to enable Ethernet over USB.

sudo nano /boot/config.txt

as in the above picture at the end of the file just add 

dtoverlay=dwc2

Now you need to edit cmdline.txt.  Look for rootwait and add modules-load=dwc2,g_ether after it immediately. 

Now we will assign IPs to both boards. One of the boards will be the gateway. In our case it could be any board. but if you are using a RPI-4 where you can connect many boards together then the main board should be the gateway.

sudo nano /etc/dhcpcd.config 

You need to edit the file by adding the following to the end

for the router:

 interface usb0

                static ip_address=192.168.11.1 # should be equal to router as this is the router

                static routers=192.168.11.1

                static domain_name_Servers=192.168.11.1

                metric 400 # determines priority of using this net compared to wifi and others

for other boards:

 interface usb0

                static ip_address=192.168.11.123 # can be any ip within the subnet domain.

                static routers=192.168.11.1

                static domain_name_Servers=192.168.11.1

                metric 400 # determines priority of using this net compared to wifi and others

After Restarting

sudo reboot now

Both boards you can see the usb0 section with the static IP

It is very easy and very useful. As serial communication will allows only one app to communication. But connecting via Ethernet means there is a many-to-many communication between applications on both boards in a reliable fashion.

Thank you....

3N+1 Problem

     This topic is very different than many of my previous topics. It is about math!! First I am not a mathematician and not a big fan of fan. It is hard.

The story started here when I saw this video. I love this channel and I have watched most of its video.

I was excited to know that such simple problem has not been solved. So I decided to start to play with it.

No No I have not solved it. But I came with nice graph that it might be useful.

First let's mention the rule here, take any positive integer number:

        if number is odd then multiply it by 3 and add 1. 

            N−>3N+1

        if number is even then divide it by two.

N−>N/2

  let us take some examples:

        7 :  22, 11, 34, 17, 52, 26, 13, 40, 20, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1

       11:  34, 17, 52, 26, 13, 40, 20, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 

 easy !

  Now let us focus only on the last digit of any number not the whole number. Let's rewrite the above number again:

        7 :  22, 11, 34, 17, 52, 26, 13, 40, 20, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1

       11:  34, 17, 52, 26, 13, 40, 20, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 

       

  

We can deduce a sequence here:

    A digit ends with 1 will always gives a digit ends with 4. because 

nnnnn..1∗3N+1=mmmm...4

  We can apply same technique to other odd numbers and we get the following table:

1	x3 + 1	4
3	x3 + 1	0
5	x3 + 1	6
7	x3 + 1	2
9	x3 + 1	8

   

  For even numbers; we can deduce them using the following tables:

2	/2	1
12		6
22		11
32		16
42		21
52		26
62		31
72		36
82		41
92		46
102		51

4	/2	2
14		7
24		12
34		17
44		22
54		27
64		32
74		37
84		42
94		47
104		52

6	/2	3
16		8
26		13
36		18
46		23
56		28
66		33
76		38
86		43
96		48
106		53

8	/2	4
18		9
28		14
38		19
48		24
58		29
68		34
78		39
88		44
98		49
108		54

0	/2	0
10		5
20		10
30		15
40		20
50		25
60		30
70		35
80		40
90		45
100		50

Now we have all the information we need to draw a state machine diagram for these numbers:

you can verify this with any number generated by the 3N+1 problem and the sequence will always be valid.

What can we see in this graph:

    1- The blue lines are where we divide by 2 hence reduce the value. The red lines are where we multiply by 3 and add 1 hence increase the value.

    2- Blue lines are 10 and red lines are only 5. That means overall the value should decrease even if it is increased for sometime.

    3- Loops with same number of arrows of different colors leads to increase in values. for example loop {6,3,0,5,6,3,0,5,6...} but the loop will break as divide by two at a moment will give a number ended by 8.

   4- Loops {6,3,0,5,6,...} can never be broken except at number 6 only. Loops {9,8,9,8...} can be broken at number 8 only. Loops can only be broken at even numbers only.

   
   5- Loop {1,4,2,1,4,2,....} there are two blue lines and one red line. The result is 1 when n =1 that is why it loops forever.

   

 6- If someone can prove that loop {6,3,0,5,6} can be repeated forever which I do not believe it is possible, as each time you multiply you get the following assuming you do not loop in the Zero loop.

which is

The number will either loop in Zero or get out in 6 to 8 because incrementing by 10/4 is 2.5 

 Similar rules is applied to {8,9} and {4,7,2,1} loops. remember only balanced loop is {4,2,1} when n is {4,2,1}.   

7- If you get out of a loop then to get in again you pass one or more blue lines. if you are in loop 6 and move to loop 8 and come back to 6 using worst path you need to move on {6, 8, 9, 4, 7, 2, 6} which is 2 red lines and five blue lines. The number is ALWAYS reduce.

So you have thre main rules guide the behavior here.

A- You cannot loop in one loop forever except {4,2,1}.

B- Jumping from one loop to another reduces the value.

C- Moving back and forth from loop 6 to loop 8 requires passing on loop 4. It is a Must.

So as value gets smaller and passes via 4 from 8 that explains the 4 ,2 ,1.

I know this is NOT a scientific mathematical proof. But it explains to certain extend the behavior of this formula.